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IBM — 4q25 press release (company IR deck)
IBM (IBM) · 13 slides · Filed Oct 21, 2026
Every slide of this earnings presentation, with the text as published. Open the original deck ↗ · All IBM deck slides
Slide 1 — IBM RELEASES FOURTH-QUARTER RESULTS
IBM RELEASES FOURTH-QUARTER RESULTS Strong, broad-based performance, led by double-digit Software and Infrastructure growth; Double-digit growth in full-year profit and free cash flow ARMONK, N.Y., January 28, 2026 . . . IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced fourth-quarter 2025 earnings results. “In the fourth quarter, we delivered strong revenue growth, with double-digit Software performance. Additionally, Infrastructure continued its double-digit revenue growth with the robust adoption of the next generation of our mainframe platform. Our generative AI book of business now stands at more than $12.5 billion. This capped a strong 2025 for IBM where we exceeded expectations for revenue, profit and free cash flow," said Arvind Krishna, IBM chairman, president and chief executive officer. "We enter 2026 with momentum and in a position of strength, giving us confidence in our full-year expectations of more than 5 percent constant currency revenue growth and an increase of about $1 billion in year-over-year free cash flow.” Fourth-Quarter Highlights • Revenue – Revenue of $19.7 billion, up 12 percent, up 9 percent at constant currency – Software revenue up 14 percent, up 11 percent at constant currency – Consulting revenue up 3 percent, up 1 percent at constant currency – Infrastructure revenue up 21 percent, up 17 percent at constant currency • Profit – Gross Profit Margin: GAAP: 60.6 percent, up 110 basis points; Operating (Non-GAAP): 61.8 percent, up 120 basis points Full-Year Highlights • Revenue – Revenue of $67.5 billion, up 8 percent, up 6 percent at constant currency – Software revenue up 11 percent, up 9 percent at constant currency – Consulting revenue up 2 percent, flat at constant currency – Infrastructure revenue up 12 percent, up 10 percent at constant currency • Profit – Gross Profit Margin: GAAP: 58.2 percent, up 150 basis points; Operating (Non-GAAP): 59.5 percent, up 170 basis points • Cash Flow – Net cash from operating activities of $13.2 billion; free cash flow of $14.7 billion Full-Year 2026 Expectations • Revenue: The company expects full-year constant currency revenue growth of more than 5 percent. At current foreign exchange rates, currency is expected to be about a half-point tailwind to growth for the year • Free cash flow: The company expects full-year free cash flow to increase by about $1 billion year-over-year
Slide 2 — Revenue
FOURTH-QUARTER 2025 INCOME STATEMENT SUMMARY Revenue Gross Profit Gross Profit Margin Pre-tax Income Pre-tax Income Margin Net Income Diluted Earnings Per Share GAAP from Continuing Operations $ 19.7 B $ 11.9 B 60.6 % $ 4.1 B 21.0 % $ 5.6 B (2) $ 5.86 (2) Year/Year 12 %(1) 14 % 1.1 Pts 25 %(3) 2.2 Pts(3) 91 %(2,3) 88 %(2,3) Operating (Non-GAAP) $ 12.2 B 61.8 % $ 4.7 B 24.1 % $ 4.3 B $ 4.52 Year/Year 14 % 1.2 Pts 11 % (0.2) Pts 17 % 15 % (1) 9% at constant currency. (2) 2025 GAAP results include a benefit from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters. (3) GAAP YTY results include the impact of a pension settlement charge in fourth-quarter 2024. “2025 put IBM's durability, resilience and differentiation on display. Our portfolio mix, integrated value and rapid innovation drove higher revenue growth and double-digit profit and free cash flow growth," said James Kavanaugh, IBM senior vice president and chief financial officer. "We are excited about our prospects for 2026 as our disciplined execution and unwavering focus on productivity will continue to enable us to invest in the future while returning value to shareholders.” Segment Results for Fourth Quarter • Software — revenues of $9.0 billion, up 14 percent, up 11 percent at constant currency: – Hybrid Cloud (Red Hat) up 10 percent, up 8 percent at constant currency – Automation up 18 percent, up 14 percent at constant currency – Data up 22 percent, up 19 percent at constant currency – Transaction Processing up 8 percent, up 4 percent at constant currency • Consulting — revenues of $5.3 billion, up 3 percent, up 1 percent at constant currency: – Strategy & Technology up 2 percent, flat at constant currency – Intelligent Operations up 5 percent, up 3 percent at constant currency • Infrastructure — revenues of $5.1 billion, up 21 percent, up 17 percent at constant currency: – Hybrid Infrastructure up 29 percent, up 24 percent at constant currency • IBM Z up 67 percent, up 61 percent at constant currency • Distributed Infrastructure up 3 percent, flat at constant currency – Infrastructure Support up 1 percent, down 2 percent at constant currency • Financing — revenues of $0.2 billion, up 5 percent, up 2 percent at constant currency Cash Flow and Balance Sheet In the fourth quarter, the company generated net cash from operating activities of $4.0 billion, down $0.3 billion year to year. Net cash from operating activities excluding IBM financing receivables was $8.1 billion, up $1.5 billion. IBM’s free cash flow was $7.6 billion, up $1.4 billion year to year. The company returned $1.6 billion to shareholders in dividends in the fourth quarter. For the year, the company generated net cash from operating activities of $13.2 billion, down $0.3 billion year to year. Net cash from operating activities excluding IBM financing receivables was $16.4 billion, up $2.5 billion. IBM's free cash flow was $14.7 billion, up $2.0 billion year to year. IBM ended the fourth quarter with $14.5 billion of cash, restricted cash and marketable securities, down $0.3 billion from year-end 2024. Debt, including IBM Financing debt of $15.1 billion, totaled $61.3 billion, up $6.3 billion since year-end 2024.
Slide 3 — Revenue
Full-Year 2025 Results FULL-YEAR 2025 INCOME STATEMENT SUMMARY Revenue Gross Profit Gross Profit Margin Pre-tax Income Pre-tax Income Margin Net Income Diluted Earnings Per Share GAAP from Continuing Operations $ 67.5 B $ 39.3 B 58.2 % $ 10.3 B 15.3 % $ 10.6 B (2) $ 11.14 (2) Year/Year 8 %(1) 11 % 1.5 Pts 78 %(3) 6.1 Pts(3) 76 %(2,3) 74 %(2,3) Operating (Non-GAAP) $ 40.2 B 59.5 % $ 12.7 B 18.8 % $ 11.0 B $ 11.59 Year/Year 11 % 1.7 Pts 13 % 1.0 Pts 14 % 12 % (1) 6% at constant currency (2) 2025 GAAP results include a benefit from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters. (3) GAAP YTY results include the impacts of pension settlement charges in the third and fourth quarters of 2024. Dividend Declaration The IBM board of directors approved a regular quarterly cash dividend of $1.68 per common share, to stockholders of record on February 10, 2026. With payment of the March 10, 2026 dividend, IBM will have paid consecutive quarterly dividends every year since 1916. Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements Except for the historical information and discussions contained herein, statements contained in this release may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are based on the company’s current assumptions regarding future business and financial performance. These statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially, including, but not limited to, the following: a downturn in economic environment and client spending budgets; a failure of the company’s innovation initiatives; damage to the company’s reputation; risks from investing in growth opportunities; failure of the company’s intellectual property portfolio to prevent competitive offerings and the failure of the company to obtain necessary licenses; the company’s ability to successfully manage acquisitions, alliances and divestitures, including integration challenges, failure to achieve objectives, the assumption or retention of liabilities and higher debt levels; fluctuations in financial results; impact of local legal, economic, political, health and other conditions; the company’s failure to meet growth and productivity objectives; ineffective internal controls; the company’s use of accounting estimates; impairment of the company’s goodwill or amortizable intangible assets; the company’s ability to attract and retain key employees and its reliance on critical skills; impacts of relationships with critical suppliers; product and service quality issues; the development and use of AI and generative AI, including the company's increased offerings and use of AI-based technologies; impacts of business with government clients; reliance on third party distribution channels and ecosystems; cybersecurity, privacy, and AI considerations; adverse effects related to climate change and other environmental matters; tax matters; legal proceedings and investigatory risks; the company’s pension plans; currency fluctuations and customer financing risks; impact of changes in market liquidity conditions and customer credit risk on receivables; risk factors related to IBM securities; and other risks, uncertainties and factors discussed in the company’s Form 10-Qs, Form 10-K and in the company’s other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or in materials incorporated therein by reference. Any forward-looking statement in this release speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Except as required by law, the company assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward- looking statements.
Slide 4 — Tim Davidson, 914-844-7847
Presentation of Information in this Press Release For generative AI, book of business includes inception to date Software transactional revenue, plus new SaaS Annual Contract Value and Consulting signings related to specific offerings. The generative AI book of business is further defined within Exhibit 99.2 in the Form 8-K that includes this press release. In an effort to provide investors with additional information regarding the company’s results as determined by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the company has also disclosed in this press release the following non-GAAP information, which management believes provides useful information to investors: IBM results — • adjusting for currency (i.e., at constant currency); • presenting operating (non-GAAP) earnings per share amounts and related income statement items; • free cash flow; • net cash from operating activities excluding IBM Financing receivables; • adjusted EBITDA. The rationale for management’s use of these non-GAAP measures is included in Exhibit 99.2 in the Form 8-K that includes this press release and is being submitted today to the SEC. Conference Call and Webcast IBM’s regular quarterly earnings conference call is scheduled to begin at 5:00 p.m. ET, today. The Webcast may be accessed via a link at https://www.ibm.com/investor/events/earnings-4q25. Presentation charts will be available shortly before the Webcast. Financial Results Below (certain amounts may not add due to use of rounded numbers; percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar amounts). Contact: IBM Tim Davidson, 914-844-7847 [email protected] Erin McElwee, 347-920-6825 [email protected]
Slide 5 — Three Months Ended
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL RESULTS (Unaudited; Dollars in millions except per share amounts) Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2025 2024 REVENUE BY SEGMENT Software $ 9,031 $ 7,924 $ 29,962 $ 27,085 Consulting 5,349 5,175 21,055 20,692 Infrastructure 5,132 4,256 15,718 14,020 Financing 179 170 737 713 Other (5) 29 63 243 TOTAL REVENUE 19,686 17,553 67,535 62,753 GROSS PROFIT 11,928 10,439 39,297 35,551 GROSS PROFIT MARGIN Software 83.4 % 85.0 % 83.5 % 83.7 % Consulting 28.4 % 28.0 % 28.1 % 27.0 % Infrastructure 60.6 % 56.9 % 58.6 % 55.8 % Financing 44.1 % 46.9 % 45.3 % 47.9 % TOTAL GROSS PROFIT MARGIN 60.6 % 59.5 % 58.2 % 56.7 % EXPENSE AND OTHER INCOME SG&A 5,462 4,866 20,123 19,688 R&D 2,187 1,967 8,316 7,479 Intellectual property and custom development income (277) (301) (964) (996) Other (income) and expense (1) (66) 177 (442) 1,871 Interest expense 478 424 1,935 1,712 TOTAL EXPENSE AND OTHER INCOME 7,784 7,133 28,968 29,754 INCOME FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES 4,144 3,306 10,328 5,797 Pre-tax margin 21.0 % 18.8 % 15.3 % 9.2 % Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes (1) (1,435) 379 (242) (218) Effective tax rate (34.6) % 11.5 % (2.3) % (3.8) % INCOME FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS $ 5,579 $ 2,927 $ 10,571 $ 6,015 DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS Income/ (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes 21 (12) 22 8 NET INCOME (1) $ 5,600 $ 2,915 $ 10,593 $ 6,023 EARNINGS PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK (1) Assuming Dilution Continuing Operations $ 5.86 $ 3.11 $ 11.14 $ 6.42 Discontinued Operations $ 0.02 $ (0.01) $ 0.02 $ 0.01 TOTAL $ 5.88 $ 3.09 $ 11.17 $ 6.43 Basic Continuing Operations $ 5.96 $ 3.16 $ 11.34 $ 6.53 Discontinued Operations $ 0.02 $ (0.01) $ 0.02 $ 0.01 TOTAL $ 5.98 $ 3.15 $ 11.36 $ 6.53 WEIGHTED-AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING (M’s) Assuming Dilution 952.4 942.4 948.7 937.2 Basic 936.5 926.0 932.3 921.8 (1) 2025 results include a benefit from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters, and 2024 results include the impacts of pension settlement charges in the third quarter of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax) and fourth quarter of $0.4 billion.
Slide 6 — (Dollars in Millions)
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (Unaudited) (Dollars in Millions) At December 31, 2025 At December 31, 2024 ASSETS: Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 13,587 $ 13,947 Restricted cash 54 214 Marketable securities 830 644 Notes and accounts receivable - trade, net 8,112 6,804 Short-term financing receivables, net Held for investment, net 7,344 6,259 Held for sale 1,131 900 Other accounts receivable, net 1,052 947 Inventories 1,220 1,289 Deferred costs 1,084 959 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,530 2,520 Total Current Assets 36,944 34,482 Property, plant and equipment, net 5,899 5,731 Operating right-of-use assets, net 3,129 3,197 Long-term financing receivables, net 7,708 5,353 Prepaid pension assets 7,544 7,492 Deferred costs 825 788 Deferred taxes 8,610 6,978 Goodwill 67,717 60,706 Intangibles, net 11,391 10,660 Investments and sundry assets 2,112 1,787 Total Assets $ 151,880 $ 137,175 LIABILITIES: Current Liabilities: Taxes $ 2,347 $ 2,033 Short-term debt 6,424 5,089 Accounts payable 4,756 4,032 Compensation and benefits 4,114 3,605 Deferred income 16,101 13,907 Operating lease liabilities 800 768 Other accrued expense and liabilities 4,116 3,709 Total Current Liabilities 38,658 33,142 Long-term debt 54,836 49,884 Retirement-related obligations 9,018 9,432 Deferred income 4,271 3,622 Operating lease liabilities 2,547 2,655 Other liabilities 9,810 11,048 Total Liabilities 119,139 109,783 EQUITY: IBM Stockholders’ Equity: Common stock 63,318 61,380 Retained earnings 155,648 151,163 Treasury stock - at cost (170,605) (169,968) Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) (15,713) (15,269) Total IBM Stockholders’ Equity 32,648 27,307 Noncontrolling interests 93 86 Total Equity 32,740 27,393 Total Liabilities and Equity $ 151,880 $ 137,175
Slide 7 — Three Months Ended
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION CASH FLOW (Unaudited) Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, (Dollars in Millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net Income from Operations $ 5,600 $ 2,915 $ 10,593 $ 6,023 Pension Settlement Charges - 388 - 3,113 Depreciation/Amortization of Intangibles (1) 1,297 1,112 5,021 4,667 Stock-based Compensation 430 345 1,715 1,311 Operating assets and liabilities/Other, net (2) 777 1,824 (978) (1,238) IBM Financing A/R (4,063) (2,255) (3,159) (431) Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities $ 4,040 $ 4,330 $ 13,193 $ 13,445 Capital Expenditures, net of payments & proceeds (550) (422) (1,617) (1,127) Divestitures, net of cash transferred - (7) (1) 698 Acquisitions, net of cash acquired (391) (541) (8,294) (3,289) Marketable Securities / Other Investments, net 2,358 (409) (390) (1,218) Net Cash Provided by/(Used in) Investing Activities $ 1,417 $ (1,379) $ (10,302) $ (4,937) Debt, net of payments & proceeds (1,810) (103) 2,873 (880) Dividends (1,573) (1,546) (6,255) (6,147) Financing - Other (23) (26) (447) (52) Net Cash Provided by/(Used in) Financing Activities $ (3,406) $ (1,675) $ (3,829) $ (7,079) Effect of Exchange Rate changes on Cash (10) (330) 418 (359) Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash $ 2,041 $ 946 $ (520) $ 1,071 (1) Includes operating lease right-of-use assets amortization. (2) 2025 includes a benefit from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters, and the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a $0.7 billion tax effect associated with a pension settlement charge in the third-quarter.
Slide 8 — Three Months Ended
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION GAAP NET INCOME TO ADJUSTED EBITDA RECONCILIATION (Unaudited) Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, (Dollars in Billions) 2025 2024 Yr/Yr 2025 2024 Yr/Yr Net Income as reported (GAAP) (1) $ 5.6 $ 2.9 $ 2.7 $ 10.6 $ 6.0 $ 4.6 Less: Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Income from continuing operations 5.6 2.9 2.7 10.6 6.0 4.6 Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes from continuing ops. (1) (1.4) 0.4 (1.8) (0.2) (0.2) 0.0 Pre-tax income from continuing operations (GAAP) 4.1 3.3 0.8 10.3 5.8 4.5 Non-operating adjustments (before tax) Acquisition-related charges (2) 0.6 0.5 0.1 2.3 2.0 0.4 Non-operating retirement-related costs/(income) (1) 0.0 0.5 (0.5) 0.1 3.5 (3.4) Operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing ops. 4.7 4.3 0.5 12.7 11.2 1.5 Net interest expense 0.3 0.3 0.1 1.3 1.0 0.3 Depreciation/Amortization of non-acquired intangible assets 0.7 0.7 0.0 2.9 2.8 0.0 Stock-based compensation 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.7 1.3 0.4 Workforce rebalancing charges 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.0 Corporate (gains) and charges (3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.6) 0.6 Adjusted EBITDA $ 6.5 $ 5.6 $ 1.0 $ 19.2 $ 16.4 $ 2.8 (1) 2025 includes a benefit from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters, and 2024 includes the impacts of pension settlement charges in the third quarter of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax) and fourth quarter of $0.4 billion. (2) Primarily consists of amortization of acquired intangible assets. (3) Corporate (gains) and charges primarily consists of unique corporate actions such as gains on divestitures and asset sales (e.g., certain QRadar SaaS assets in 2024).
Slide 9 — Three Months Ended December 31, 2025
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION SEGMENT DATA (Unaudited) Three Months Ended December 31, 2025 (Dollars in Millions) Software Consulting Infrastructure Financing Revenue $ 9,031 $ 5,349 $ 5,132 $ 179 Segment Profit $ 3,403 $ 658 $ 1,601 $ 150 Segment Profit Margin 37.7 % 12.3 % 31.2 % 83.5 % Change YTY Revenue 14.0 % 3.4 % 20.6 % 5.3 % Change YTY Revenue - Constant Currency 10.7 % 1.0 % 16.6 % 2.4 % Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 (Dollars in Millions) Software Consulting Infrastructure Financing Revenue $ 7,924 $ 5,175 $ 4,256 $ 170 Segment Profit $ 3,102 $ 606 $ 1,063 $ 94 Segment Profit Margin 39.2 % 11.7 % 25.0 % 55.0 % Year Ended December 31, 2025 (Dollars in Millions) Software Consulting Infrastructure Financing Revenue $ 29,962 $ 21,055 $ 15,718 $ 737 Segment Profit $ 9,920 $ 2,464 $ 3,458 $ 521 Segment Profit Margin 33.1 % 11.7 % 22.0 % 70.7 % Change YTY Revenue 10.6 % 1.8 % 12.1 % 3.3 % Change YTY Revenue - Constant Currency 9.1 % 0.4 % 10.4 % 2.5 % Year Ended December 31, 2024 (Dollars in Millions) Software Consulting Infrastructure Financing Revenue $ 27,085 $ 20,692 $ 14,020 $ 713 Segment Profit $ 8,684 $ 2,054 $ 2,450 $ 348 Segment Profit Margin 32.1 % 9.9 % 17.5 % 48.8 %
Slide 10 — Three Months Ended December 31, 2025
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION U.S. GAAP TO OPERATING (Non-GAAP) RESULTS RECONCILIATION (Unaudited; Dollars in millions except per share amounts) Three Months Ended December 31, 2025 Continuing Operations GAAP Acquisition- Related Adjustments (1) Retirement- Related Adjustments (2) Tax Reform Impacts (3) Operating (Non- GAAP) Gross Profit $ 11,928 $ 231 $ — $ — $ 12,159 Gross Profit Margin 60.6 % 1.2 pts — pts — pts 61.8 % SG&A $ 5,462 $ (362) $ — $ — $ 5,100 Other (Income) & Expense (66) (5) (4) — (74) Total Expense & Other (Income) 7,784 (366) (4) — 7,414 Pre-tax Income from Continuing Operations 4,144 597 4 — 4,745 Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations 21.0 % 3.0 pts 0.0 pts — pts 24.1 % Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (3,4) $ (1,435) $ 390 $ 15 $ 1,468 $ 438 Effective Tax Rate (34.6) % 12.6 pts 0.4 pts 30.9 pts 9.2 % Income from Continuing Operations $ 5,579 $ 208 $ (11) $ (1,468) $ 4,307 Income Margin from Continuing Operations 28.3 % 1.1 pts (0.1) pts (7.5) pts 21.9 % Diluted Earnings Per Share: Continuing Operations $ 5.86 $ 0.22 $ (0.01) $ (1.54) $ 4.52 Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Continuing Operations GAAP Acquisition- Related Adjustments (1) Retirement- Related Adjustments (2) Tax Reform Impacts Operating (Non- GAAP) Gross Profit $ 10,439 $ 191 $ — $ — $ 10,630 Gross Profit Margin 59.5 % 1.1 pts — pts — pts 60.6 % SG&A $ 4,866 $ (305) $ — $ — $ 4,561 Other (Income) & Expense 177 (2) (467) — (291) Total Expense & Other (Income) 7,133 (307) (467) — 6,359 Pre-tax Income from Continuing Operations 3,306 498 467 — 4,271 Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations 18.8 % 2.8 pts 2.7 pts — pts 24.3 % Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (4) $ 379 $ 123 $ 58 $ 21 $ 581 Effective Tax Rate 11.5 % 1.5 pts 0.1 pts 0.5 pts 13.6 % Income from Continuing Operations $ 2,927 $ 375 $ 408 $ (21) $ 3,690 Income Margin from Continuing Operations 16.7 % 2.1 pts 2.3 pts (0.1) pts 21.0 % Diluted Earnings Per Share: Continuing Operations $ 3.11 $ 0.40 $ 0.43 $ (0.02) $ 3.92 (1) Includes amortization of purchased intangible assets, in process R&D, transaction costs, applicable restructuring and related expenses, tax charges related to acquisition integration and pre-closing charges, such as financing costs. (2) Includes amortization of prior service costs, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortized actuarial gains/losses, the impacts of any plan curtailments/settlements and pension insolvency costs and other costs. 2024 also includes the impact of a pension settlement charge. (3) 2025 includes a benefit from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters. (4) Tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the GAAP pre-tax income.
Slide 11 — Year Ended December 31, 2025
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION U.S. GAAP TO OPERATING (Non-GAAP) RESULTS RECONCILIATION (Unaudited; Dollars in millions except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2025 Continuing Operations GAAP Acquisition- Related Adjustments (1) Retirement- Related Adjustments (2) Tax Reform Impacts (3) Operating (Non- GAAP) Gross Profit $ 39,297 $ 888 $ — $ — $ 40,184 Gross Profit Margin 58.2 % 1.3 pts — pts — pts 59.5 % SG&A $ 20,123 $ (1,417) $ — $ — $ 18,706 R&D 8,316 (4) — — 8,312 Other (Income) & Expense (442) (11) (65) — (518) Total Expense & Other (Income) 28,968 (1,432) (65) — 27,472 Pre-tax Income from Continuing Operations 10,328 2,320 65 — 12,713 Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations 15.3 % 3.4 pts 0.1 pts — pts 18.8 % Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (3,4) $ (242) $ 786 $ 15 $ 1,161 $ 1,719 Effective Tax Rate (2.3) % 6.6 pts 0.1 pts 9.1 pts 13.5 % Income from Continuing Operations $ 10,571 $ 1,534 $ 49 $ (1,161) $ 10,993 Income Margin from Continuing Operations 15.7 % 2.3 pts 0.1 pts (1.7) pts 16.3 % Diluted Earnings Per Share: Continuing Operations $ 11.14 $ 1.62 $ 0.05 $ (1.22) $ 11.59 Year Ended December 31, 2024 Continuing Operations GAAP Acquisition- Related Adjustments (1) Retirement- Related Adjustments (2) Tax Reform Impacts (3) Operating (Non- GAAP) Gross Profit $ 35,551 $ 724 $ — $ — $ 36,275 Gross Profit Margin 56.7 % 1.2 pts — pts — pts 57.8 % SG&A $ 19,688 $ (1,159) $ — $ — $ 18,529 Other (Income) & Expense 1,871 (70) (3,457) — (1,656) Total Expense & Other (Income) 29,754 (1,229) (3,457) — 25,068 Pre-tax Income from Continuing Operations 5,797 1,953 3,457 — 11,207 Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations 9.2 % 3.1 pts 5.5 pts — pts 17.9 % Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (4) $ (218) $ 497 $ 790 $ 455 $ 1,523 Effective Tax Rate (3.8) % 5.1 pts 8.2 pts 4.1 pts 13.6 % Income from Continuing Operations $ 6,015 $ 1,456 $ 2,668 $ (455) $ 9,684 Income Margin from Continuing Operations 9.6 % 2.3 pts 4.3 pts (0.7) pts 15.4 % Diluted Earnings Per Share: Continuing Operations $ 6.42 $ 1.55 $ 2.85 $ (0.49) $ 10.33 (1) Includes amortization of purchased intangible assets, in process R&D, transaction costs, applicable restructuring and related expenses, tax charges related to acquisition integration and pre-closing charges, such as financing costs. 2024 also include a loss of $68 million on foreign exchange derivative contracts entered into by the company prior to the acquisition of StreamSets and webMethods from Software AG. (2) Includes amortization of prior service costs, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortized actuarial gains/losses, the impacts of any plan curtailments/settlements and pension insolvency costs and other costs. 2024 also includes the impacts of pension settlement charges. (3) 2025 and 2024 include benefits from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters. (4) Tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the GAAP pre-tax income.
Slide 12 — Three Months Ended
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION GAAP OPERATING CASH FLOW TO FREE CASH FLOW RECONCILIATION (Unaudited) Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, (Dollars in Millions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net Cash from Operations per GAAP $ 4,040 $ 4,330 $ 13,193 $ 13,445 Less: change in IBM Financing receivables (4,063) (2,255) (3,159) (431) Net cash from operating activities excl. IBM Financing receivables 8,104 6,584 16,352 13,876 Capital Expenditures, net (550) (422) (1,617) (1,127) Free Cash Flow 7,553 6,163 14,734 12,749
Slide 13 — Three Months Ended
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION GAAP OPERATING CASH FLOW TO ADJUSTED EBITDA RECONCILIATION (Unaudited) Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, (Dollars in Billions) 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities $ 4.0 $ 4.3 $ 13.2 $ 13.4 Add: Net interest expense 0.3 0.3 1.3 1.0 Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes from continuing operations (1) (1.4) 0.4 (0.2) (0.2) Less change in: Financing receivables (4.1) (2.3) (3.2) (0.4) Other assets and liabilities/other, net (2) 0.5 1.7 (1.8) (1.8) Adjusted EBITDA $ 6.5 $ 5.6 $ 19.2 $ 16.4 (1) 2025 includes a benefit from income taxes primarily driven by the resolution of certain tax audit matters. (2) Other assets and liabilities/other, net mainly consists of operating assets and liabilities/Other, net in the Cash Flow chart, workforce rebalancing charges, non-operating impacts and corporate (gains) and charges.